Modules and packages
Mojo provides a packaging system that allows you to organize and compile code
libraries into importable files. This page introduces the necessary concepts
about how to organize your code into modules and packages (which is a lot
like Python), and shows you how to create a packaged binary with the mojo package command.
Mojo modules
To understand Mojo packages, you first need to understand Mojo modules. A Mojo module is a single Mojo source file that includes code suitable for use by other files that import it. For example, you can create a module to define a struct such as this one:
struct MyPair:
var first: Int
var second: Int
fn __init__(inout self, first: Int, second: Int):
self.first = first
self.second = second
fn dump(self):
print(self.first, self.second)
struct MyPair:
var first: Int
var second: Int
fn __init__(inout self, first: Int, second: Int):
self.first = first
self.second = second
fn dump(self):
print(self.first, self.second)
Notice that this code has no main() function, so you can't execute
mymodule.mojo. However, you can import this into another file with a
main() function and use it there.
For example, here's how you can import MyPair into a file named main.mojo
that's in the same directory as mymodule.mojo:
from mymodule import MyPair
fn main():
var mine = MyPair(2, 4)
mine.dump()
from mymodule import MyPair
fn main():
var mine = MyPair(2, 4)
mine.dump()
Alternatively, you can import the whole module and then access its members through the module name. For example:
import mymodule
fn main():
var mine = mymodule.MyPair(2, 4)
mine.dump()
import mymodule
fn main():
var mine = mymodule.MyPair(2, 4)
mine.dump()
You can also create an alias for an imported member with as, like this:
import mymodule as my
fn main():
var mine = my.MyPair(2, 4)
mine.dump()
import mymodule as my
fn main():
var mine = my.MyPair(2, 4)
mine.dump()
In this example, it only works when mymodule.mojo is in the same directory as
main.mojo. Currently, you can't import .mojo files as modules if they
reside in other directories. That is, unless you treat the directory as a Mojo
package, as described in the next section.
A Mojo module may include a main() function and may also be
executable, but that's generally not the practice and modules typically include
APIs to be imported and used in other Mojo programs.
Mojo packages
A Mojo package is just a collection of Mojo modules in a directory that
includes an __init__.mojo file. By organizing modules together in a
directory, you can then import all the modules together or individually.
Optionally, you can also compile the package into a .mojopkg or .📦 file
that's easier to share and still compatible with other system architectures.
You can import a package and its modules either directly from source files or
from a compiled .mojopkg/.📦 file. It makes no real difference to Mojo
which way you import a package. When importing from source files, the directory
name works as the package name, whereas when importing from a compiled package,
the filename is the package name (which you specify with the mojo package command—it can differ from the directory
name).
For example, consider a project with these files:
main.mojo
mypackage/
__init__.mojo
mymodule.mojo
main.mojo
mypackage/
__init__.mojo
mymodule.mojo
mymodule.mojo is the same code from examples above (with the MyPair
struct) and __init__.mojo is empty.
In this case, the main.mojo file can now import MyPair through the package
name like this:
from mypackage.mymodule import MyPair
fn main():
var mine = MyPair(2, 4)
mine.dump()
from mypackage.mymodule import MyPair
fn main():
var mine = MyPair(2, 4)
mine.dump()
Notice that the __init__.mojo is crucial here. If you delete it, then Mojo
doesn't recognize the directory as a package and it cannot import mymodule.
Then, let's say you don't want the mypackage source code in the same location
as main.mojo. So, you can compile it into a package file like this:
mojo package mypackage -o mypack.mojopkg
mojo package mypackage -o mypack.mojopkg
A .mojopkg file contains non-elaborated code, so you can share it across
systems. The code becomes an architecture-specific executable only after it's
imported into a Mojo program that's then compiled with mojo build.
Now, you can move the mypackage source somewhere else, and the project files
now look like this:
main.mojo
mypack.mojopkg
main.mojo
mypack.mojopkg
Because we named the package file different from the directory, we need to fix the import statement and it all works the same:
from mypack.mymodule import MyPair
from mypack.mymodule import MyPair
If you want to rename your package, you cannot simply edit the
.mojopkg or .📦 filename, because the package name is encoded in the file.
You must instead run mojo package again to specify a new name.
The __init__ file
As mentioned above, the __init__.mojo file is required to indicate that a
directory should be treated as a Mojo package, and it can be empty.
Currently, top-level code is not supported in .mojo files, so unlike Python,
you can't write code in __init__.mojo that executes upon import. You can,
however, add structs and functions, which you can then import from the package
name.
However, instead of adding APIs in the __init__.mojo file, you can import
module members, which has the same effect by making your APIs accessible from
the package name, instead of requiring the <package_name>.<module_name>
notation.
For example, again let's say you have these files:
main.mojo
mypackage/
__init__.mojo
mymodule.mojo
main.mojo
mypackage/
__init__.mojo
mymodule.mojo
Let's now add the following line in __init__.mojo:
from .mymodule import MyPair
from .mymodule import MyPair
That's all that's in there. Now, we can simplify the import statement in
main.mojo like this:
from mypackage import MyPair
from mypackage import MyPair
This feature explains why some members in the Mojo standard library can be
imported from their package name, while others required the
<package_name>.<module_name> notation. For example, the
functional module resides in the
algorithm package, so you can import members of that module (such as the
map() function) like this:
from algorithm.functional import map
from algorithm.functional import map
However, the algorithm/__init__.mojo file also includes these lines:
from .functional import *
from .reduction import *
from .functional import *
from .reduction import *
So you can actually import anything from functional or reduction simply by
naming the package. That is, you can drop the functional name from the import
statement, and it also works:
from algorithm import map
from algorithm import map
Which modules in the standard library are imported to the package scope varies, and is subject to change. Refer to the documentation for each module to see how you can import its members.
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